{"id":153,"date":"2024-10-08T17:07:56","date_gmt":"2024-10-08T17:07:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pb-sandbox.library.illinois.edu\/introductiontoepidemiology\/?post_type=back-matter&p=153"},"modified":"2024-10-08T17:49:31","modified_gmt":"2024-10-08T17:49:31","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pb-sandbox.library.illinois.edu\/introductiontoepidemiology\/back-matter\/glossary\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary Terms","rendered":"Glossary Terms"},"content":{"raw":"Active surveillance<\/strong> involves actively seeking out information about health events\r\n\r\nCase report<\/strong> is a research design that provides a detailed description of the clinical aspects of a particular health-related state or event from a single person within their real-life context\r\n\r\nCase-control study<\/strong> is an observational research design aimed at investigating the potential causes of a health outcome by comparing two groups\r\n\r\nCase-fatality rate<\/strong> is an important measure in epidemiology that quantifies the severity of a disease by calculating the proportion of individuals diagnosed with a specific condition who die from it within a specified period\r\n\r\nCohort studies<\/strong> are equivalent to a \u201cvideo\u201d of the health status of a given population. In cohort studies, data on exposure(s) is collected at baseline and participants are followed-up over time to monitor the presence or absence of outcomes\r\n\r\nCommunicable diseases<\/strong> are a disease that arises from transmission of a specific infectious agent to a susceptible host\r\n\r\nContagious disease<\/strong> is disease that is caused by direct and indirect contact with a pathogenic or\r\ninfectious agent\r\n\r\nCross-sectional study<\/strong> is an observational research design in which data are collected at the individual level\r\n\r\nCumulative incidence<\/strong> is the proportion of a population that develops a disease over a specified\r\n\r\nDiagnosis<\/strong> is the act or process of determining or identifying the nature and cause of disease or injury\r\n\r\nEcological study<\/strong> is an observational research design that describes measures (e.g., rates, percentages, etc.) of exposures and outcome(s) at the population or group level rather than at the individual level\r\n\r\nIncidence<\/strong> is a key epidemiological measure that quantifies the occurrence of new cases of a disease or health condition in a population over a specified period\r\n\r\nIncidence rate<\/strong> accounts for varying time periods of risk among individuals and is particularly individuals with subclinical forms of the disease\r\n\r\nInfection<\/strong> is the entry and development of infectious agents in people, animals, or the environment\r\n\r\nInfectious disease<\/strong> is a disease caused by an infectious agent, which includes, bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other organisms\r\n\r\nIntervention studies<\/strong>, also referred to as experimental studies, are designed to evaluate the effect of specific interventions on health outcomes\r\n\r\nMicroorganisms or Agents<\/strong> are disease producing, also called pathogens\r\n\r\nModes of transport<\/strong> is how a pathogen moves from reservoir to susceptible host\r\n\r\nPortal of entry<\/strong> is the opening where the pathogen may enter\r\n\r\nReservoir\/Source<\/strong> is the environment\/habitat where a pathogen can live and multiply\r\n\r\nSusceptible host<\/strong> is the person at-risk: patient or healthcare worker\r\n\r\nMorbidity<\/strong> refers to the occurrence of disease, injury, or disability in a population and indicates how widespread or common a health condition is.\r\n\r\nMortality rate<\/strong> is a key measure in epidemiology that quantifies the frequency of deaths in a specific population during a certain period\r\n\r\nParasitic diseases<\/strong> are an infection caused by a parasite\r\n\r\nPassive surveillance<\/strong>, data is reported by healthcare providers or laboratories to public health officials\r\n\r\nPeriod prevalence<\/strong> is the proportion of a population that has a specific disease or condition\r\n\r\nPoint prevalence<\/strong> is the proportion of a population that has a specific disease or condition at a population and indicates how widespread or common a health condition is\r\n\r\nPortal of Exit<\/strong> is how the pathogen exits or leaves reservoir\r\n\r\nPrimary prevention<\/strong> consists of measures aimed at a susceptible population or individual\r\n\r\nScreening<\/strong> of disease involves using tests or procedures to identify disease or health concerns\r\n\r\nSecondary prevention<\/strong> emphasizes early disease detection, and it targets healthy appearing\r\n\r\nSensitivity<\/strong> is the percentage of people with the disease who are correctly identified by the test single point in time\r\n\r\nSpecificity<\/strong> is the percentage of people without the disease who are correctly excluded by the test\r\n\r\nTertiary prevention<\/strong> targets both the clinical symptoms or screening results and outcome stages of a disease\r\n\r\n ","rendered":"

Active surveillance<\/strong> involves actively seeking out information about health events<\/p>\n

Case report<\/strong> is a research design that provides a detailed description of the clinical aspects of a particular health-related state or event from a single person within their real-life context<\/p>\n

Case-control study<\/strong> is an observational research design aimed at investigating the potential causes of a health outcome by comparing two groups<\/p>\n

Case-fatality rate<\/strong> is an important measure in epidemiology that quantifies the severity of a disease by calculating the proportion of individuals diagnosed with a specific condition who die from it within a specified period<\/p>\n

Cohort studies<\/strong> are equivalent to a \u201cvideo\u201d of the health status of a given population. In cohort studies, data on exposure(s) is collected at baseline and participants are followed-up over time to monitor the presence or absence of outcomes<\/p>\n

Communicable diseases<\/strong> are a disease that arises from transmission of a specific infectious agent to a susceptible host<\/p>\n

Contagious disease<\/strong> is disease that is caused by direct and indirect contact with a pathogenic or
\ninfectious agent<\/p>\n

Cross-sectional study<\/strong> is an observational research design in which data are collected at the individual level<\/p>\n

Cumulative incidence<\/strong> is the proportion of a population that develops a disease over a specified<\/p>\n

Diagnosis<\/strong> is the act or process of determining or identifying the nature and cause of disease or injury<\/p>\n

Ecological study<\/strong> is an observational research design that describes measures (e.g., rates, percentages, etc.) of exposures and outcome(s) at the population or group level rather than at the individual level<\/p>\n

Incidence<\/strong> is a key epidemiological measure that quantifies the occurrence of new cases of a disease or health condition in a population over a specified period<\/p>\n

Incidence rate<\/strong> accounts for varying time periods of risk among individuals and is particularly individuals with subclinical forms of the disease<\/p>\n

Infection<\/strong> is the entry and development of infectious agents in people, animals, or the environment<\/p>\n

Infectious disease<\/strong> is a disease caused by an infectious agent, which includes, bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other organisms<\/p>\n

Intervention studies<\/strong>, also referred to as experimental studies, are designed to evaluate the effect of specific interventions on health outcomes<\/p>\n

Microorganisms or Agents<\/strong> are disease producing, also called pathogens<\/p>\n

Modes of transport<\/strong> is how a pathogen moves from reservoir to susceptible host<\/p>\n

Portal of entry<\/strong> is the opening where the pathogen may enter<\/p>\n

Reservoir\/Source<\/strong> is the environment\/habitat where a pathogen can live and multiply<\/p>\n

Susceptible host<\/strong> is the person at-risk: patient or healthcare worker<\/p>\n

Morbidity<\/strong> refers to the occurrence of disease, injury, or disability in a population and indicates how widespread or common a health condition is.<\/p>\n

Mortality rate<\/strong> is a key measure in epidemiology that quantifies the frequency of deaths in a specific population during a certain period<\/p>\n

Parasitic diseases<\/strong> are an infection caused by a parasite<\/p>\n

Passive surveillance<\/strong>, data is reported by healthcare providers or laboratories to public health officials<\/p>\n

Period prevalence<\/strong> is the proportion of a population that has a specific disease or condition<\/p>\n

Point prevalence<\/strong> is the proportion of a population that has a specific disease or condition at a population and indicates how widespread or common a health condition is<\/p>\n

Portal of Exit<\/strong> is how the pathogen exits or leaves reservoir<\/p>\n

Primary prevention<\/strong> consists of measures aimed at a susceptible population or individual<\/p>\n

Screening<\/strong> of disease involves using tests or procedures to identify disease or health concerns<\/p>\n

Secondary prevention<\/strong> emphasizes early disease detection, and it targets healthy appearing<\/p>\n

Sensitivity<\/strong> is the percentage of people with the disease who are correctly identified by the test single point in time<\/p>\n

Specificity<\/strong> is the percentage of people without the disease who are correctly excluded by the test<\/p>\n

Tertiary prevention<\/strong> targets both the clinical symptoms or screening results and outcome stages of a disease<\/p>\n

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